Questão Q1693134 - Língua Inglesa

Question

Directions: Answer questions 33 to 48 according to the text.TEXTWHY DO SUPERVILLAINS FASCINATE US? APSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE---------------Why are we fascinated by supervillains? Posing-----the question is much like asking why evil itself intrigues-----us, but there's much more to our continued interest in-----supervillains than meets the eye.5---- Not only do Lex Luthor, Dracula and the Red Skull-----run unconstrained by conventional morality, they exist-----outside the limits of reality itself. Their evil, even at its-----most realistic, retains a touch of the unreal.---------------But is our fascination with fantastic fiends110--- healthy? From a psychological perspective, views vary-----on what drives our enduring interest in superhuman bad-----guys.---------------Shadow confrontation: Psychiatrist Carl Jung-----believed we need to confront and understand our own15--- hidden nature to grow as human beings. Healthy-----confrontation with our shadow selves can unearth new-----strengths (e.g., Bruce Wayne creating his Dark Knight-----persona to fight crime), whereas unhealthy attempts at-----confrontation may involve dwelling on or unleashing the20--- worst parts of ourselves.---------------Wish fulfillment: Sigmund Freud viewed human-----nature as inherently antisocial, biologically driven by the-----undisciplined id's pleasure principle to get what we-----want when we want it – born to be bad but held back by25--- society. Even if the psyche fully develops its ego-----(source of self-control) and superego (conscience),-----Freudians say the id still dwells2 underneath, and it-----wishes for many selfish things – so it would love to be-----supervillainous.30-------------Hierarchy of needs: Humanistic psychologist-----Abraham Maslow held that people who haven't met-----their most basic needs will have difficulty maturing. If-----starved for food, you're unlikely to feel secure. If-----starved for love and companionship, you'll have trouble35--- building self-esteem. People who dwell on their deficits-----may envy and resent others who have more than they-----do. Some people who are unable to overcome social-----shortcomings fantasize about obtaining any means,-----good or bad, to satisfy every need and greed.40-------------Conditioning: Ivan Pavlov would say we can learn-----to associate supervillains with other things we value –-----like entertainment, strength, freedom or the heroes-----themselves. Behaviorist B.F. Skinner would likely argue-----that we can find it reinforcing to watch or read about45--- supervillains, but without knowing what's reinforcing-----about them, that's a bit like saying it's rewarding-----because it's rewarding.---------------Our Motivations for Seeking Out Supervillains---------------Throughout history, humans have been captivated50--- by stories of heroes facing off against superhuman-----foes3 . But what specific rewards, needs, wishes and-----dark dreams do supervillains satisfy?---------------Freedom: Superpowered characters enjoy-----freedoms the rest of us don't. Nobody can arrest55--- Superman unless he lets them (at least not without-----kryptonite handcuffs). As much time as supervillains-----spend locked up, they seem to escape as often as they-----please, to run unconstrained by rules and regulations.-----Cosplayers who dress like Wonder Woman and60--- Captain America can't do any crazy thing that crosses-----their minds without seeming to mock and insult our-----heroes, whereas those dressed as villains get to go-----wild. Supervillainy feels liberating.---------------Power: Maybe you envy the power these evil65--- characters wield4 . While that's also a reason to adore-----superheroes, good guys don't ache to dominate.-----Stories like Watchmen and Kingdom Come show how-----heroes become menaces5 when they try to take over.-----So when dreaming of superpowers, maybe you relate70--- to characters who dream of power as well, from the-----Scarecrow (who controls individuals' fears) to Doctor-----Doom (who's perpetually out to dominate the world).---------------Better villain than victim: Physiologically, anger-----activates us and feels better than anxiety or fear. One75--- who feels victimized and cannot figure out constructive-----ways to stand up, be strong or become heroic might-----twist the need for self-assertion into destruction.-----Alternately, a healthy person simply might focus on how-----all characters assert themselves in any given story.80-------------Better villain equals better hero: A hero only-----appears as heroic as the challenge he or she must-----overcome. Great heroes require great villains. Without-----supercriminals, the world's finest heroes seem like-----overpowered brutes nabbing thugs6 unworthy of them.85--- Through myths, legends and lore across time, we have-----needed heroes who rise to the occasion, overcome-----great odds7 and take down giants.---------------Facing our fears: Instead of dreading the-----darkness, you might reduce that dread by shining a90--- light and seeing what's out there. Fiction can help us-----feel empowered and enlightened without literally-----traipsing into mob hangouts8 and poorly lit alleyways9---------------Exploring the unknown: Our need to challenge-----the unknown has driven the human race to cover the95--- globe. This powerful curiosity makes us wonder about-----everything that baffles10 us, including the world's worst-----fiends. Knowledge is power, or at least feels like it.-----When gritty details repulse us, exploring evil through the-----filter of fiction can help us contemplate humanity's100-- worst without turning away or dwelling almost-----voyeuristically on real human tragedy. Even when the-----fiction is about improbable people doing impossible-----things, the story's fantastic nature reassures us that this-----cannot happen – and therefore we don't have to turn105-- away.---------------Supervillains' Ultimate Purpose---------------In the end, our interest in supervillains can be-----healthy or unhealthy. Even the more maladaptive-----reasons for such fascination tend to arise from110-- motivations that were originally healthy and natural –-----frustrated drives that went the wrong way.---------------Remember, though, that superheroic fiction-----ultimately begins and ends with the heroes. Comic book-----writers and artists create supervillains, who move in and115-- out as guest stars and supporting cast, first and-----foremost to reveal how heroic the comics' stars can be.(Adapted from https://www.wired.com/2012/07/why-do-supervillains-fascinate-us/)Glossary:1. fiend – an evil and cruel person2. to dwell – remain3. foe – an enemy4. to wield – influence, use power5. menace – threat6. to nab thugs – arrest criminals7. odds – probability8. to traipse into mob hangouts – walk among places where gangs, criminals meet9. poorly lit alleyways – narrow road or path with little light10. to baffle – confuse somebody completely One of the messages below is mentioned in the text. Mark it.

Gran Questões · Accepted Answer

We have to face and know ourselves deeply in order to become better.

Gran Questões · Answer

In fact, we are conditioned to expect more from the heroes.

Gran Questões · Answer

A psychological study states that people have been intrigued by the question whether we are fiends or not.

Gran Questões · Answer

Superheroes are empowered despite dominating the world.