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In the excerpt from the text “When the products are...
Probiotics and Prebiotics: What’s Really Important
- Probiotics and prebiotics are a hot topic these days. You’ve likely seen many ads on
- television and online for supplements and foods that promise to deliver helpful bacteria and their
- benefits, but there are things you should know before purchasing these products. Your large
- intestine contains 100 trillion “good” bacteria that are essential to health. Called the microbiome,
- these beneficial microbes help maintain healthy bowel function, and may help with inflammatory
- bowel disease. Research suggests they may even play a role in regulating weight and mood.
- Everyone starts with their own unique microbiome __ birth, and we add to these through
- the foods we eat. Some __ the best ways to add healthful bacteria to your microbiome are yogurt
- and kefir: be sure to look for the words “live and active cultures” __ the label, to make sure you
- are getting live cultures. Fermented foods are just as good: beneficial microbes are the “cooks”
- for some familiar foods. For example, they turn cabbage into sauerkraut, cucumbers into sour
- pickles, soybeans into miso, and sweetened tea into kombucha. When the products are
- pasteurized — as most packaged fermented foods — the microbes die. The best solution is to
- buy from Delis where they do the pickling themselves, or natural food stores that carry fermented
- foods. You can also make your own; you can find clear and easy instructions online.
- There are also probiotic supplements on the market, of course. But it’s not easy to sift
- through them and find exactly what you need. Usually, these products contain just a few bacterial
- strains, compared with 3,000 or so strains in your gut. And not all gut bacteria are alike. Specific
- bacterium play specific roles in the body, so if you’re trying to treat a specific condition, like
- irritable bowel syndrome or diarrhea, you need to find the right ones with documented benefits
- for that condition. In 2020, the American Gastroenterological Association released guidelines for
- the use of probiotics. Experts point out that good evidence for taking probiotic supplements exists
- for only a handful of conditions. For general health, look for brands that contain both Lactobacillus
- and Bifidobacterium.
- To help your body produce healthy gut bacteria, include plenty of foods rich in insoluble
- fiber in your diet. You’ll find them in whole-grain products such as oatmeal and whole-grain
- breads, as well as in vegetables like asparagus, leeks, onions, and garlic, and starchy vegetables
- like sweet potatoes and corn. Beans, lentils, and peas are also good sources. Limit sugar,
- saturated fat, and processed foods. These can deplete the good bacteria in the gut. As always,
- try to stick with whole, unprocessed foods. For more on how to protect your digestive health,
- check out Making Sense of Vitamins and Minerals, a Special Health Report from Harvard Medical
- School.
(Available at: https://www.health.harvard.edu/nutrition/are-you-getting-essential-nutrients-from-your-diet/ - text especially adapted for this test).
In the excerpt from the text “When the products are pasteurized (…) the microbes die” (l. 12-13), there is an example of:
A
An unreal condition – it expresses a wish about something that has already happened and cannot be changed.
B
The second conditional – it states that something is unlikely to happen.
C
The third conditional – it states that something is impossible to happen.
D
The zero conditional – it is used to talk about something that is always true or always happens as a result of a previous action.
E
Mixed conditionals – second and third conditionals are combined to talk about a hypothetical situation with future consequences.