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In the fragment “There are few native speakers of English...
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TEXT II – Tema: Variação linguística no ensino-aprendizagem de inglês
INTERNATIONAL VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
1 The most familiar way to classify the varieties of English around the world was developed by
2 Kachru (1985) and looks like this:
3 To explain a little:
4 the inner circle
5 consists, as the diagram shows, of the traditional bases of English and their speakers
6 provide the standards against which other varieties are judged. It is from these speech
7 communities, in other words, that the target norms of the teaching of English are derived.
8 The majority of the populations of inner-circle nations are native speakers of English.
9 the outer circle
10 represents areas in which English is widely spoken as a second language alongside
11 indigenous languages and where the standards of production may vary quite considerably
12 from the standards and norms of speakers in the inner circle. In many of the nations in
13 this circle English is an official language and even where it is not, it is used widely in
14 government, administration and commerce. There are few native speakers of English in
15 these nations although there are many who are functionally bilingual.
16 the expanding circle
17 represents areas in which English is not spoken widely and in which there are few native
18 speakers of English. Use of English is confined to those who have learned it as a foreign
19 language. Usually, the norms at which the teaching of the language is aimed in these
20 settings are those of inner circle countries (predominately the UK and the USA).
21 The importance of all this is the concept of norms of the language: 1.The inner circle countries
22 are norm-setting nations and it is against their standards that measures of correctness are
23 established. 2.The outer circle countries are norm-developing areas in which local standards
24 are being set and developed often independently of the inner circle countries. 3.The expanding
25 circle comprises countries which are norm dependent, usually on the standards developed and
26 maintained in inner-circle nations.
(Available from: https://www.eltconcourse.com/training/common/variety.html Accessed on July 5th, 2023)
Answer questions 31 to 35 according to TEXT II.
In the fragment “There are few native speakers of English in these nations although there are many who are functionally bilingual”, the underlined conjunction expresses: