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The word “therefore” used in the text can be substituted...
Read Text I to answer questions 26 – 29:
TEXT I
“Psychology as an academic discipline has long examined human mind both at general and individual level. As part of psychological investigations, individual differences (ID) research comes from research endeavors that focus on human mind at individual level. Within this research, motivation has a crucial place along with many other factors such as language aptitude, learning strategies, and learning styles.
Succinctly defined as “the direction and magnitude of learning behavior in terms of the learners’ choice, intensity, and duration of learning” (Dörnyei & Ryan, 2015, p. 6), motivation is a complex construct that has drawn attention of many scholars. Therefore, there has been a shift in motivational research.
Currently, the prevailing model of language learning motivation is “L2 Motivational Self System” of Dörnyei (2005, 2009), which consists of three components: ideal L2 self,” ought to self, and L2 learning experience. It is asserted that the essential impetus in the construction of one’s motivation is the gap “between one’s current sense of self in L2 and one’s ideal L2 self” (Williams, Mercer, & Ryan, 2016, p. 115).
On the other hand, the notion of willingness to communicate originated within individual differences as a personality trait firstly in L1. However, in accordance with the ultimate aim of second or foreign language teaching, which is the construction of communicative competence or basically to communicate with the target community, this notion became a topic of L2. There has been a great amount of study focusing on the predictors of L2 WTC such as, “extraversion/introversion, anxiety, integrativeness, motivation, international posture, self-confidence” (Yashima, 2012). However, one’s perceived communicative competence can be strongly related with one’s WTC in EFL contexts, while anxiety is regarded as the most influencial one in immersion environments (Peng & Woodrow, 2010; Yashima, 2002; Yashima et al. 2004, Yashima, 2012). Therefore, it is suggested that a strong relationship between one’s ideal L2 self and WTC is expected in EFL contexts.” […]
Available at: https://www.academia.edu/34288601/ (adapted)
The word “therefore” used in the text can be substituted, without change in meaning, by which one of the following?
A
On the other hand.
B
However.
C
In particular.
D
As a result.
E
Certainly.