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In "Why all of this, one might ask from an outside...
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Attention: Questions 16 to 19 are related to Text 01 below.
Text 01
“Why all of this, one might ask from an outside perspective. Why do we have all these
new varieties emerging, why do people from these regions speak “funny” (in biased
Inner-Circle eyes, of course), why doesn't everybody keep speaking “the good old” way,
5 the way they have been taught? Well, for one thing, we found earlier on that hardly
anybody speaks “proper English” only, that language variability is intrinsic to speech, a
way of skillfully manipulating relationships of proximity and distance. But the question
deserves to be taken seriously, and if we do we find that there are a number of factors
and issues which play a role here.
First, we need to understand how language works. Some linguists cherish the idea of
10 an “internalized language” in one's head, a cognitive,“systematic” representation which
helps to stabilize it all. Maybe so, but there is no direct way of accessing such inner
knowledge, and there is no way of knowing whether or to what extent any two people
share it. It is more appropriate to conceptualize language not as an entity, a product,
but rather as a process. It exists whenever anybody is speaking, and with any new
15 utterance in a conversation it is activated, revitalized, reconstructed.In speech the forms
and features of language are continuously “replicated,” and we may view language in
essence as an ongoing sequence of zillions of such replications (Kretzschmar 2009).
Each and every utterance realizes and also disseminates it further, and bits and pieces
of it are likely to be picked up and replicated. Thus, language is continuously re-enacted,
20 as it were, and in this ongoing process there is always the possibility of modification, of
changing the set of and the balance between the forms and features it consists of.
Everything that is said and heard has a chance of being replicated (or not!), mayor may
not be picked up and repeated by others. In this way some features are spread, while
others fall into disuse. Frequency plays a major role in this- forms and patterns which
25 are frequently repeated become natural, subconscious habits; linguists call this
“cognitively entrenched.” So, let us view language as a huge set of “features” (sounds,
words, set phrases, syntactic rules and patterns, etc.) which are continuously activated
and replicated, with some potential of being modified in form or frequency in this
process.”
Source: Schneider, E.W. English Around the World. An Introduction. Chapter 7. Pp.189-190.
In "Why all of this, one might ask from an outside perspective. Why do we have all these new varieties emerging, why do people from these regions speak 'funny' (in biased Inner-Circle eyes, of course), why doesn't everybody keep speaking 'the good old' way, the way they have been taught? Well, for one thing, we found earlier on that hardly anybody speaks 'proper English' only, that language variability is intrinsic to speech, a way of skillfully manipulating relationships of proximity and distance", what grammatical role does "for one thing" serve?
A
Adverbial phrase indicating reason.
B
Adjective modifying "thing.
C
Prepositional phrase.
D
Noun complement.