Questão Q4270832 - Língua Inglesa

Question

Moss in space: spores survive nine-month ride outside of the ISSBy Nicola Davis01 Matt Damon’s character grew potatoes for survival in the movie “The Martian,” but02 researchers say mosses could one day help ____ (turn) the dust and rocks of other planets into03 fertile soil. Physcomitrella patens, or “spreading earthmoss,” is already known as a pioneering04 species – mainly for ____ (be) an early plant on the scene in areas of barren mud. Now,05 researchers have ____ (find) that spores of the moss can ____ (survive) for at least nine months06 stuck to the outside of the International Space Station (ISS) and still reproduce once back on07 Earth.08 Although the plant is inedible, researchers say the findings could be important for space09 exploration. Dr. Tomomichi Fujita, the lead author of the study, from Hokkaido University in10 Japan, said: “While moss may not be on the menu, its resilience offers insights into developing11 sustainable life-support systems in space. Mosses could help with oxygen generation, humidity12 control, or even soil formation.” It is not the first time researchers have highlighted the13 remarkable survival abilities of moss, or sent such species to the ISS. Indeed, such plants are14 known to tolerate a host of extreme conditions on Earth. At the same time, scientists have found15 that the desert moss species Syntrichia caninervis can withstand Mars-like conditions in16 experiments on Earth.17 Writing in the journal iScience, Fujita and colleagues report how they exposed three18 different moss structures to a simulated space environment on Earth. They found that moss19 spores encased in a structure known as a sporangium were the most resilient and were able to20 germinate after exposure to UVC radiation levels that exceeded 100,000 joules per square metre.21 Further tests suggested these encased spores were also resilient to vacuum conditions,22 deep-freezing, high temperatures, and radiation within a vacuum. The researchers then sent23 encased spores to the ISS on board the Cygnus NG-17 spacecraft. These were attached to the24 outside of the ISS in sample holders with different filter settings and left there for nine months.25 After the samples were returned to Earth, the researchers found that all showed high rates26 of germination, noting that even those that had been fully exposed to UV radiation in space had27 an 86% germination rate – compared with a 97% germination rate for spores that had remained28 on Earth. However, a type of chlorophyll in the space-exposed samples showed signs of29 degradation. “If such spores can endure long-term exposure during interplanetary travel and30 then successfully revive upon rehydration and warming, they could one day contribute to31 establishing basic ecosystems beyond Earth,” Fujita said. He noted that the study focused only32 on survival under space exposure: “Whether moss can germinate and grow under various33 extraterrestrial conditions – including different gravity levels, atmospheric compositions and34 radiation levels – remains an open question.”35 Dr. Agata Zupanska, of the SETI Institute, who was not involved in the work, welcomed36 the study but said it was already known that dormant, desiccated biological forms, such as37 spores or seeds, exhibited significantly greater resistance to environmental extremes than38 hydrated cells or tissues. She said similar seed exposure experiments, including on space crop39 seeds, had already been conducted outside the ISS. Zupanska also stressed that the external40 ISS environment, while harsh, did not fully represent the complexities of true deep space41 conditions, including those on the Moon or Mars. “The value of space plants is realized only if42 they can actively grow and thrive away from Earth,” she said. “While spore resilience is important,43 it represents only an initial step toward the broader goals of growing plants in extraterrestrial 44 environments.”(Available at: theguardian.com/science/2025/nov/20/moss-spores-survive-outside-international-spacestation-iss – text specially adapted for this test). Moss in space: spores survive nine-month ride outside of the ISSBy Nicola Davis01  Matt Damon’s character grew potatoes for survival in the movie “The Martian,” but02 researchers say mosses could one day help ____ (turn) the dust and rocks of other planets into03 fertile soil. Physcomitrella patens, or “spreading earthmoss,” is already known as a pioneering04 species – mainly for ____ (be) an early plant on the scene in areas of barren mud. Now,05 researchers have ____ (find) that spores of the moss can ____ (survive) for at least nine months06 stuck to the outside of the International Space Station (ISS) and still reproduce once back on07 Earth.08  Although the plant is inedible, researchers say the findings could be important for space09 exploration. Dr. Tomomichi Fujita, the lead author of the study, from Hokkaido University in10 Japan, said: “While moss may not be on the menu, its resilience offers insights into developing11 sustainable life-support systems in space. Mosses could help with oxygen generation, humidity12 control, or even soil formation.” It is not the first time researchers have highlighted the13 remarkable survival abilities of moss, or sent such species to the ISS. Indeed, such plants are14 known to tolerate a host of extreme conditions on Earth. At the same time, scientists have found15 that the desert moss species Syntrichia caninervis can withstand Mars-like conditions in16 experiments on Earth.17  Writing in the journal iScience, Fujita and colleagues report how they exposed three18 different moss structures to a simulated space environment on Earth. They found that moss19 spores encased in a structure known as a sporangium were the most resilient and were able to20 germinate after exposure to UVC radiation levels that exceeded 100,000 joules per square metre.21 Further tests suggested these encased spores were also resilient to vacuum conditions,22 deep-freezing, high temperatures, and radiation within a vacuum. The researchers then sent23 encased spores to the ISS on board the Cygnus NG-17 spacecraft. These were attached to the24 outside of the ISS in sample holders with different filter settings and left there for nine months.25  After the samples were returned to Earth, the researchers found that all showed high rates26 of germination, noting that even those that had been fully exposed to UV radiation in space had27 an 86% germination rate – compared with a 97% germination rate for spores that had remained28 on Earth. However, a type of chlorophyll in the space-exposed samples showed signs of29 degradation. “If such spores can endure long-term exposure during interplanetary travel and30 then successfully revive upon rehydration and warming, they could one day contribute to31 establishing basic ecosystems beyond Earth,” Fujita said. He noted that the study focused only32 on survival under space exposure: “Whether moss can germinate and grow under various33 extraterrestrial conditions – including different gravity levels, atmospheric compositions and34 radiation levels – remains an open question.”35  Dr. Agata Zupanska, of the SETI Institute, who was not involved in the work, welcomed36 the study but said it was already known that dormant, desiccated biological forms, such as37 spores or seeds, exhibited significantly greater resistance to environmental extremes than38 hydrated cells or tissues. She said similar seed exposure experiments, including on space crop39 seeds, had already been conducted outside the ISS. Zupanska also stressed that the external40 ISS environment, while harsh, did not fully represent the complexities of true deep space41 conditions, including those on the Moon or Mars. “The value of space plants is realized only if42 they can actively grow and thrive away from Earth,” she said. “While spore resilience is important,43 it represents only an initial step toward the broader goals of growing plants in extraterrestrial 44 environments.”(Available at: theguardian.com/science/2025/nov/20/moss-spores-survive-outside-international-spacestation-iss – text specially adapted for this test). Mark the correct statement about the excerpt “After the samples were returned to Earth” (l. 25).

Gran Questões · Accepted Answer

It is a simple past + passive voice structure. The agent is unknown; the focus is on the action.

Gran Questões · Answer

It is a simple past + active voice structure. The time reference of the past action is stated in the context.

Gran Questões · Answer

It is a simple present structure in a dependent clause. The simple present tense is often used to list past events in a narrative.

Gran Questões · Answer

It is a present perfect structure in an independent clause. The tense was chosen because there is no clear time reference for the past action.

Gran Questões · Answer

It is a simple present + passive voice structure. The focus is on the action, that is in the present tense as part of a list of events.

Mark the correct statement about the excerpt “After the samples were returned to Earth”...