Read the statements below and choose the alternative that...

Read the statements below and choose the alternative that is in line with Duboc (2016) as regards language assessment:

1. Punishment is replaced by the understanding of the reasons of certain performances in order to improve students' learning as well as the teacher's choices;

2. The act of evaluating is more collaborative, mediated, more public, and more horizontal;

3. Formal moments of assessment are most desirable rather than more informal ones, such as self-evaluation.

(translated from DUBOC 2016, pp.57-80.)