(PMM/URCA 2025) Which instructional focus should teachers...

The ability to infer implicit contextual meaning by integrating background knowledge.

The retention of language chunks of varying lengths in short-term memory.

The identification of grammatical word classes (e.g., nouns, verbs), systems (e.g., tense, agreement, pluralization), patterns, rules, and elliptical constructions.

The recognition that a single meaning may be conveyed through different grammatical structures.

The discrimination of distinctive graphemes and orthographic patterns in English.